Registro español de hemodinámica y cardiología intervencionista. XXXII informe oficial de la Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (1990-2022) / Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry. 32nd official report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (1990-2022)

Introducción y objetivos: Se presenta el informe de actividad del año 2022 de la Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (ACI-SEC). Métodos: Se invitó a todos los laboratorios de hemodinámica a participar en el registro. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario telemático. Una empresa externa realizó el análisis de datos, revisados por la junta directiva de la ACI-SEC. Resultados: Participaron 111 centros. El número de estudios diagnósticos aumentó un 4,8% con respecto a 2021, y el número de intervenciones coronarias percutáneas (ICP) se mantuvo estable. Las ICP sobre tronco coronario izquierdo aumentaron un 22%. El abordaje radial sigue siendo preferencial para las ICP (94,9%) y se observa un incremento de uso del balón farmacoactivo. El uso de técnicas de imagen intracoronaria se ha incrementado y se utilizan en el 14,7% de las ICP. También aumenta el uso de guía de presión (el 6,3% con respecto a 2021) y técnicas de modificación de placa. Sigue creciendo la ICP primaria, el tratamiento más frecuente (97%) en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. La mayoría de los procedimientos no coronarios mantienen su tendencia creciente; destacan los implantes percutáneos de válvula aórtica, el cierre de orejuela, la técnica borde-a-borde mitral/tricuspídea, la denervación renal y el tratamiento de la enfermedad de la arteria pulmonar. Conclusiones: El Registro español de hemodinámica y cardiología intervencionista de 2022 demuestra un incremento en la complejidad de la enfermedad coronaria y un crecimiento notable de los procedimientos en cardiopatía estructural valvular y no valvular.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: This article presents the annual activity report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) for the year 2022. Methods: All Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company in collaboration with the members of the board of the ACI-SEC. Results: A total of 111 centers participated. The number of diagnostic studies increased by 4.8% compared with 2021, while that of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) remained stable. PCIs on the left main coronary artery increased by 22%. The radial approach continued to be preferred for PCI (94.9%). There was an upsurge in the use of drug-eluting balloons, as well as in intracoronary imaging techniques, which were used in 14.7% of PCIs. The use of pressure wires also increased (6.3% vs 2021) as did plaque modification techniques. Primary PCI continued to grow and was the most frequent treatment (97%) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Most noncoronary procedures maintained their upward trend, particularly percutaneous aortic valve implantation, atrial appendage closure, mitral/tricuspid edge-to-edge therapy, renal denervation, and percutaneous treatment of pulmonary arterial disease. Conclusions: The Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry for 2022 reveals a rise in the complexity of coronary disease, along with a notable growth in procedures for valvular and nonvalvular structural heart disease.(AU)

La proteína meteorin-like se asocia a un perfil de mayor riesgo y predice un peor pronóstico en pacientes con IAMCEST / Meteorin-like protein is associated with a higher risk profile and predicts a worse outcome in patients with STEMI

Introducción y objetivos: La proteína meteorin-like (Metrnl) es una citocina implicada en la atenuación de la inflamación asociada a mal pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardiaca. En este estudio se evalúan los niveles circulantes de Metrnl y su valor pronóstico en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST).Métodos: Se incluyó a pacientes con IAMCEST tratados con angioplastia primaria. Se determinaron los niveles de Metrnl en sangre periférica a las 12 horas del inicio de los síntomas. El criterio de evaluación primario fue muerte por cualquier causa o infarto de miocardio no mortal a 3 años.Resultados: Se estudiaron 381 pacientes (edad media 61 años, 21% mujeres, 8% clase Killip III/IV). Los niveles de Metrnl se asociaron con la edad, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y la extensión de la enfermedad coronaria, pero también con complicaciones del infarto, especialmente insuficiencia cardíaca y shock cardiogénico. En la regresión multivariante de Cox Metrnl fue un predictor independiente del criterio de evaluación combinado (HR = 1,86; IC95%, 1,23-2,81; p=0,003). Además, los pacientes en el tercil más alto (> 491,6 pg/ml) presentaron mayor riesgo que en los terciles inferiores (HR = 3,24; IC95%, 1,92-5,44; p <0,001), incluso después de ajustar por edad, diabetes, paro cardíaco, clase Killip-Kimball III/IV, fracción de eyección y aclaramiento de creatinina (HR = 1,90; IC95%, 1,10-3,29; p=0,021).Conclusiones: En los pacientes con IAMCEST, los niveles circulantes de Metrnl se asocian con las complicaciones durante la fase aguda y predicen de forma independiente un peor pronóstico.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) is a cytokine involved in the attenuation of inflammation. In patients with heart failure, high levels of this biomarker are associated with a worse outcome. In this study, we evaluated the circulating levels and prognostic value of Metrnl in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods: We enrolled STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulating Metrnl levels were measured in peripheral blood 12hours after symptom onset. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) at 3 years.Results: We studied 381 patients (mean age 61 years, 21% female, 8% Killip class III/IV). Metrnl levels were associated with age, cardiovascular risk factors and the extent of coronary artery disease, as well as with STEMI complications, particularly heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that Metrnl independently predicted all-cause death or nonfatal MI at 3 years (HR, 1.86; 95%CI, 1.23-2.81; P=.003). Moreover, patients in the highest tertile (> 491.6 pg/mL) were at higher risk for the composite endpoint than those in the lowest tertiles (HR, 3.24; 95%CI, 1.92-5.44; P <.001), even after adjustment by age, diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrest, Killip-Kimball III/IV class, left ventricular ejection fraction, and creatinine clearance (HR, 1.90; 95%CI, 1.10-3.29; P=.021).Conclusions: Circulating Metrnl levels are associated with complications during the acute phase of STEMI and independently predict a worse outcome in these patients.(AU)

Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry. 32nd official report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (1990-2022).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This article presents the annual activity report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) for the year 2022. METHODS: All Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company in collaboration with the members of the board of the ACI-SEC. RESULTS: A total of 111 centers participated. The number of diagnostic studies increased by 4.8% compared with 2021, while that of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) remained stable. PCIs on the left main coronary artery increased by 22%. The radial approach continued to be preferred for PCI (94.9%). There was an upsurge in the use of drug-eluting balloons, as well as in intracoronary imaging techniques, which were used in 14.7% of PCIs. The use of pressure wires also increased (6.3% vs 2021) as did plaque modification techniques. Primary PCI continued to grow and was the most frequent treatment (97%) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Most noncoronary procedures maintained their upward trend, particularly percutaneous aortic valve implantation, atrial appendage closure, mitral/tricuspid edge-to-edge therapy, renal denervation, and percutaneous treatment of pulmonary arterial disease. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry for 2022 reveals a rise in the complexity of coronary disease, along with a notable growth in procedures for valvular and nonvalvular structural heart disease.

Meteorin-like protein is associated with a higher risk profile and predicts a worse outcome in patients with STEMI.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) is a cytokine involved in the attenuation of inflammation. In patients with heart failure, high levels of this biomarker are associated with a worse outcome. In this study, we evaluated the circulating levels and prognostic value of Metrnl in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: We enrolled STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulating Metrnl levels were measured in peripheral blood 12hours after symptom onset. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) at 3 years. RESULTS: We studied 381 patients (mean age 61 years, 21% female, 8% Killip class III/IV). Metrnl levels were associated with age, cardiovascular risk factors and the extent of coronary artery disease, as well as with STEMI complications, particularly heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that Metrnl independently predicted all-cause death or nonfatal MI at 3 years (HR, 1.86; 95%CI, 1.23-2.81; P=.003). Moreover, patients in the highest tertile (> 491.6 pg/mL) were at higher risk for the composite endpoint than those in the lowest tertiles (HR, 3.24; 95%CI, 1.92-5.44; P <.001), even after adjustment by age, diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrest, Killip-Kimball III/IV class, left ventricular ejection fraction, and creatinine clearance (HR, 1.90; 95%CI, 1.10-3.29; P=.021). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating Metrnl levels are associated with complications during the acute phase of STEMI and independently predict a worse outcome in these patients.

Mechanical complications in STEMI: prevalence and mortality trends in the primary PCI era. The Ruti-STEMI registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanical complications confer a dreadful prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Their prevalence and prognosis are not well-defined in the current era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) reperfusion networks. We aimed to analyze prevalence and mortality trends of post-STEMI mechanical complications over 2 decades, before and after the establishment of pPCI networks. METHODS: Prospective, consecutive registry of STEMI patients within a region of 850 000 inhabitants over 2 decades: a pre-pPCI period (1990-2000) and a pPCI period (2007-2017). We analyzed the prevalence of mechanical complications, including ventricular septal rupture, papillary muscle rupture, and free wall rupture (FWR). Twenty eight-day and 1-year mortality trends were compared between the 2 studied decades. RESULTS: A total of 6033 STEMI patients were included (pre-pPCI period, n=2250; pPCI period, n=3783). Reperfusion was supported by thrombolysis in the pre-pPCI period (99.1%) and by pPCI in in the pPCI period (95.7%). Mechanical complications developed in 135 patients (2.2%): ventricular septal rupture in 38 patients, papillary muscle rupture in 24, and FWR in 73 patients. FWR showed a relative reduction of 60% in the pPCI period (0.8% vs 2.0%, P<.001), without significant interperiod changes in the other mechanical complications. After multivariate adjustment, FWR remained higher in the pre-pPCI period (OR, 1.93; 95%CI, 1.10-3.41; P=.023). At 28 days and 1 year, mortality showed no significant changes in all the mechanical complications studied. CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of regional pPCI networks has modified the landscape of mechanical complications in STEMI. FWR is less frequent in the pPCI era, likely due to reduced transmural infarcts.

Registro español de hemodinámica y cardiología intervencionista. XXXI informe oficial de la Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (1990-2021) / Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry. 31st official report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (1990-2021)

Introducción y objetivos: La Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (ACI-SEC) presenta su informe anual de actividad del año 2021. Métodos: Todos los centros españoles con laboratorio de hemodinámica recibieron una invitación para participar en el registro. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario telemático. Una empresa externa se encargó del análisis de los datos, que fueron revisados por los miembros actuales de la Junta de la ACI-SEC. Resultados: Participaron 121 centros (83 públicos y 38 privados). El número de estudios diagnósticos se incrementó en un 11,4% en comparación con 2020. También se recuperaron las cifras de intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP), con un incremento del 10,3% respecto al año previo. El abordaje radial fue el más utilizado para la ICP (92,9%). La ICP primaria experimentó un crecimiento del 6,2% y, por el contrario, las angioplastias de rescate (1,8%) o facilitada/planificada (2,4%) se redujeron respecto a 2020. Uno de los incrementos más significativos de todo el registro fue en el número de implantes percutáneos de válvula aórtica, que se sitúan en 5.720 procedimientos, lo que representa un aumento del 34,9% respecto a 2020. El número de implantes por millón de habitantes también se incrementó hasta los 120 por millón (89,4 en 2020). Otros procedimientos estructurales, como los de reparaciones mitral y tricuspídea, cierre de orejuela o de foramen oval permeable, también tuvieron un aumento importante respecto a 2020. Conclusiones: El Registro español de la ACI-SEC 2021 demuestra una clara recuperación de la actividad en general respecto a 2020, el año de la pandemia de la COVID-19.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: The Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) presents its annual activity report for 2021. Methods: All Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company, together with the members of the ACI-SEC. Results: A total of 121 centers participated (83 public and 38 private). Compared to 2020, both diagnostic coronary angiograms and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) increased by 11,4% and 10,3%, respectively. The radial approach was the most used access (92,8%). Primary PCI also increased by 6.2% whereas rescue PCI (1,8%) and facilitated PCI (2,4%) were less frequently conducted. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation was one of the interventions with the most relevant increase. A total of 5720 transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedures were conducted with an increase of 34,9% compared to 2020 (120 per million in 2021 and 89,4 per million in 2020). Other structural interventions like transcatheter mitral or tricuspid repair, left atrial appendage occlusion and patent foramen oval closure also experienced a significant increase. Conclusions: The 2021 registry demonstrates a clear recovery of the activity both in coronary and structural interventions showing a relevant increase compared to 2020, the year of the COVID-19 pandemic.(AU)

Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry. 31st official report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (1990-2021).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) presents its annual activity report for 2021. METHODS: All Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company, together with the members of the ACI-SEC. RESULTS: A total of 121 centers participated (83 public and 38 private). Compared to 2020, both diagnostic coronary angiograms and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) increased by 11,4% and 10,3%, respectively. The radial approach was the most used access (92,8%). Primary PCI also increased by 6.2% whereas rescue PCI (1,8%) and facilitated PCI (2,4%) were less frequently conducted. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation was one of the interventions with the most relevant increase. A total of 5720 transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedures were conducted with an increase of 34,9% compared to 2020 (120 per million in 2021 and 89,4 per million in 2020). Other structural interventions like transcatheter mitral or tricuspid repair, left atrial appendage occlusion and patent foramen oval closure also experienced a significant increase. CONCLUSIONS: The 2021 registry demonstrates a clear recovery of the activity both in coronary and structural interventions showing a relevant increase compared to 2020, the year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preditores de Mortalidade Hospitalar nos Pacientes Tratados por Angioplastia Primária: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle Multicêntrico / Predictors of Hospital Mortality Based on Primary Angioplasty Treatment: A Multicenter Case-Control Study

Resumo Fundamento A estratificação do risco de morte dos pacientes no contexto da angioplastia primária (ATC) é fundamental. Objetivo Identificar os fatores relacionados ao desfecho morte em pacientes submetidos a ATC. Métodos Estudo de caso-controle, utilizando como fonte de dados um registro brasileiro. A associação entre cada variável e o desfecho óbito foi avaliada via modelo de regressão logística binária. Consideramos significativo p<0,05. Resultados Foram analisados 26.990 registros, sendo 18.834 (69,8%) do sexo masculino, com idade mediana de 61 (17) anos. Na análise multivariada, as principais variáveis relacionadas ao desfecho óbito com seus respectivos odds ratio e intervalos de confiança (IC) com nível de significância de 95% foram a idade avançada 70 - 79 anos (2,46; 1,64 - 3,79) e ≥ 80 anos (3,68; 2,38 - 5,81), p<0,001, classificação de Killip II (2,71; 1,92 - 3,83), Killip III (8,14; 5,67 - 11,64), Killip IV (19,83; 14,85 - 26,69), p<0,001, disfunção global acentuada do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (3,63; 2,39 - 5,68), p<0,001 e ocorrência de infarto após a intervenção (5,01; 2,57- 9,46), p<0,001. O principal fator protetor foi o fluxo TIMI III pós-intervenção (0,18; 0,13 - 0,24), p<0,001, seguido do TIMI II (0,59; 0,41 - 0,86), p=0,005, sexo masculino (0,79; 0,64 - 0,98), p= 0,032, dislipidemia (0,69; 0,59 - 0,85), p<0,001 e número de lesões tratadas (0,86; 0,9 - 0,94), p<0,001. Conclusão Os preditores de mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a ATC foram: classificação de Killip, reinfarto, idade, disfunção global acentuada do VE, sexo feminino e fluxo TIMI 0/I pós-intervenção.

Abstract Background Identification of high-risk patients undergoing primary angioplasty (PCI) is essential. Objective Identify factors related to the causes of death in PCI patients. Methods This work consisted of a multicenter case-control study using a Brazilian registry of cardiovascular interventions as the data source. The association between each variable and death was assessed using a binary logistic regression model, p <0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 26,990 records were analyzed, of which 18,834 (69.8%) were male patients, with a median age of 61 (±17) years. In the multivariate analysis, the main variables related to the causes of death with their respective odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals (CI) were advanced age, 70-79 years (2.46; 1.64-3.79) and ≥ 80 years (3.69; 2.38-5.81), p<0.001; the classification of Killip II (2.71; 1.92-3.83), Killip III (8.14; 5.67-11.64), and Killip IV (19.83; 14.85-26.69), p<0.001; accentuated global dysfunction (3.63; 2,39-5.68), p<0.001; and the occurrence of infarction after intervention (5.01; 2.57-9.46), p<0.001. The main protective factor was the post-intervention thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) III flow (0.18; 0.13-0.24), p<0.001, followed by TIMI II (0.59; 0.41 -0.86), p=0.005, and male (0.79; 0.64-0.98), p = 0.032; dyslipidemia (0.69; 0.59-0.85), p<0.001; and number of lesions treated (0.86; 0.9-0.94), p<0.001. Conclusion The predictors of mortality in patients undergoing PCI were Killip's classification, reinfarction, advanced age, severe left ventricular dysfunction, female gender, and post-intervention TIMI 0 / I flow.

Análisis de la atención al infarto con elevación del segmento ST en España. Resultados del Registro de Código Infarto de la ACI-SEC / Analysis of the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the ACI-SEC Infarction Code Registry

Introducción y objetivos Las redes de Código Infarto deben garantizar una atención al infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST con buenos resultados clínicos y dentro de los parámetros de tiempo recomendados. No hay información contemporánea sobre el funcionamiento de estas redes en España. El objetivo es analizar las características clínicas de los pacientes atendidos, el tiempo hasta la reperfusión, las características de la intervención realizada y la mortalidad a 30 días. Métodos Registro prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico de pacientes los consecutivos atendidos en 17 redes de Código Infarto en España (83 centros con Código Infarto) entre el 1 de abril y el 30 de junio de 2019. Resultados Se atendió a 5.401 pacientes (media de edad, 64±13 años; el 76,9% varones), de los que 4.366 (80,8%) sufrieron un infarto con elevación del ST. De estos, se trató al 87,5% con angioplastia primaria, al 4,4% con fibrinolisis y al 8,1% sin reperfusión. En los casos tratados con angioplastia primaria, el tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y la reperfusión fue 193 [135-315] min y el tiempo entre el primer contacto médico y la reperfusión, 107 [80-146] min. La mortalidad total a 30 días por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST fue del 7,9%, mientras que entre los pacientes tratados con angioplastia primaria fue del 6,8%. Conclusiones Se trató con angioplastia primaria a la inmensa mayoría de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST, y en más de la mitad de los casos el tiempo desde el primer contacto médico hasta la reperfusión fue <120 min. La mortalidad a 30 días fue relativamente baja (AU)

Introduction and objectives ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks should guarantee STEMI care with good clinical results and within the recommended time parameters. There is no contemporary information on the performance of these networks in Spain. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients, times to reperfusion, characteristics of the intervention performed, and 30-day mortality. Methods Prospective, observational, multicenter registry of consecutive patients treated in 17 STEMI networks in Spain (83 centers with the Infarction Code), between April 1 and June 30, 2019. Results A total of 5401 patients were attended (mean age, 64±13 years; 76.9% male), of which 4366 (80.8%) had confirmed STEMI. Of these, 87.5% were treated with primary angioplasty, 4.4% with fibrinolysis, and 8.1% did not receive reperfusion. In patients treated with primary angioplasty, the time between symptom onset and reperfusion was 193 [135-315] minutes and the time between first medical contact and reperfusion was 107 [80-146] minutes. Overall 30-day mortality due to STEMI was 7.9%, while mortality in patients treated with primary angioplasty was 6.8%. Conclusions Most patients with STEMI were treated with primary angioplasty. In more than half of the patients, the time from first medical contact to reperfusion was <120 minutes. Mortality at 30 days was relatively low (AU)

Analysis of the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the ACI-SEC Infarction Code Registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks should guarantee STEMI care with good clinical results and within the recommended time parameters. There is no contemporary information on the performance of these networks in Spain. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients, times to reperfusion, characteristics of the intervention performed, and 30-day mortality. METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicenter registry of consecutive patients treated in 17 STEMI networks in Spain (83 centers with the Infarction Code), between April 1 and June 30, 2019. RESULTS: A total of 5401 patients were attended (mean age, 64±13 years; 76.9% male), of which 4366 (80.8%) had confirmed STEMI. Of these, 87.5% were treated with primary angioplasty, 4.4% with fibrinolysis, and 8.1% did not receive reperfusion. In patients treated with primary angioplasty, the time between symptom onset and reperfusion was 193 [135-315] minutes and the time between first medical contact and reperfusion was 107 [80-146] minutes. Overall 30-day mortality due to STEMI was 7.9%, while mortality in patients treated with primary angioplasty was 6.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with STEMI were treated with primary angioplasty. In more than half of the patients, the time from first medical contact to reperfusion was <120 minutes. Mortality at 30 days was relatively low.

Factores asociados a retrasos de tiempo desde el electrocardiograma diagnóstico hasta el paso de guía en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST transferido para angioplastia primaria / Time from electrocardiographic diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction to guidewire crossing in patients transferred to a hospital for primary angioplasty: factors associated with delay

Objetivos: Identificar variables predictoras del retraso hasta la angioplastia primaria, en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMEST) trasladados desde el medio extrahospitalario o desde hospitales sin hemodinámica. Método: Estudio de cohortes, retrospectivo, realizado entre 2008 y 2018 en un hospital universitario receptor de pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMEST y que requirieron angioplastia primaria. Se realizó un análisis multivariable de regresión logística y lineal para identificar variables predictoras de demora de tiempo de electrocardiograma (ECG) diagnóstico hasta el paso de guía. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.039 pacientes en el estudio. Doscientos noventa y seis pacientes (28,4%) presentaban tiempos ECG diagnóstico-paso de guía > 120 minutos. Las variables asociadas a tiempos prolongados de angioplastia primaria fueron la edad avanzada [odds ratio (OR) = 1,02; IC 95%: 1,01-1,04] la insuficiencia cardiaca grave al ingreso (OR = 2,28; IC 95%: 1,23-4,22), la cirugía cardiaca previa de bypass (OR = 10,01; IC 95%: 2,60-41,81), la muerte súbita extrahospitalaria recuperada (OR = 4,34; IC 95%: 1,84-10,32), la localización lateral del infarto (OR = 1,64; IC 95%: 1,06-2,51), el primer contacto con hospital sin disponibilidad de hemodinámica (OR = 1,52; IC 95%: 1,05- 2,21), la atención fuera de horas (OR = 1,46; IC 95%: 1,06-2,02) y finalmente la distancia en kilómetros al centro con hemodinámica (OR = 1,04; IC 95%: 1,03-1,05). Conclusiones: En los pacientes con IAMEST que requirieron traslado a un centro con hemodinámica, la demora en la realización de la angioplastia primaria se relacionó con factores clínicos, con características del infarto y logísticas. (AU)

Objective: To identify predictors of primary angioplasty delay in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) transported from out-of-hospital sites or from hospitals without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) suites. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of cases between 2008 and 2018 in a university hospital receiving patients diagnosed with STEMI who required a PCI. We performed linear and multivariate regression analyses to identify factors that predicted delay in interpreting a diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) until the guidewire passed the lesion (diagnosis–guidewire-crossing time). Results: A total of 1039 cases were studied; 296 patients (28.4%) had delays of more than 120 minutes between STEMI diagnosis and guidewire crossing. Factors associated with PCI delay were advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04]), severe heart failure on admission (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.23–4.22), history of cardiac bypass surgery (OR = 10.01; 95% CI, 2.60–41.81), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OR = 4.34; 95% CI, 1.84–10.32), lateral ischemia (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06–2.51), first medical attention in a hospital without a PCI suite (OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.05–2.21), first medical attention outside regular working hours (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06–2.02), and distance in kilometers to a PCI suite (OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03–1.05). Conclusions: Patients with STEMI who required transport to a hospital with a PCI suite experienced primary angioplasty delays. Delays were related to logistical and clinical factors as well as to infarction characteristics. (AU)

Time from electrocardiographic diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction to guidewire crossing in patients transferred to a hospital for primary angioplasty: factors associated with delay. / Factores asociados a retrasos de tiempo desde el electrocardiograma diagnóstico hasta el paso de guía en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST transferido para angioplastia primaria

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of primary angioplasty delay in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) transported from out-of-hospital sites or from hospitals without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) suites. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of cases between 2008 and 2018 in a university hospital receiving patients diagnosed with STEMI who required a PCI. We performed linear and multivariate regression analyses to identify factors that predicted delay in interpreting a diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) until the guidewire passed the lesion (diagnosis-guidewire-crossing time). RESULTS: A total of 1039 cases were studied; 296 patients (28.4%) had delays of more than 120 minutes between STEMI diagnosis and guidewire crossing. Factors associated with PCI delay were advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04]), severe heart failure on admission (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.23-4.22), history of cardiac bypass surgery (OR = 10.01; 95% CI, 2.60-41.81), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OR = 4.34; 95% CI, 1.84-10.32), lateral ischemia (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06-2.51), first medical attention in a hospital without a PCI suite (OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.05-2.21), first medical attention outside regular working hours (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06-2.02), and distance in kilometers to a PCI suite (OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with STEMI who required transport to a hospital with a PCI suite experienced primary angioplasty delays. Delays were related to logistical and clinical factors as well as to infarction characteristics.

OBJETIVO: Identificar variables predictoras del retraso hasta la angioplastia primaria, en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMEST) trasladados desde el medio extrahospitalario o desde hospitales sin hemodinámica. METODO: Estudio de cohortes, retrospectivo, realizado entre 2008 y 2018 en un hospital universitario receptor de pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMEST y que requirieron angioplastia primaria. Se realizó un análisis multivariable de regresión logística y lineal para identificar variables predictoras de demora de tiempo de electrocardiograma (ECG) diagnóstico hasta el paso de guía. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.039 pacientes en el estudio. Doscientos noventa y seis pacientes (28,4%) presentaban tiempos ECG diagnóstico-paso de guía > 120 minutos. Las variables asociadas a tiempos prolongados de angioplastia primaria fueron la edad avanzada [odds ratio (OR) = 1,02; IC 95%: 1,01-1,04] la insuficiencia cardiaca grave al ingreso (OR = 2,28; IC 95%: 1,23-4,22), la cirugía cardiaca previa de bypass (OR = 10,01; IC 95%: 2,60-41,81), la muerte súbita extrahospitalaria recuperada (OR = 4,34; IC 95%: 1,84-10,32), la localización lateral del infarto (OR = 1,64; IC 95%: 1,06-2,51), el primer contacto con hospital sin disponibilidad de hemodinámica (OR = 1,52; IC 95%: 1,05- 2,21), la atención fuera de horas (OR = 1,46; IC 95%: 1,06-2,02) y finalmente la distancia en kilómetros al centro con hemodinámica (OR = 1,04; IC 95%: 1,03-1,05). CONCLUSIONES: En los pacientes con IAMEST que requirieron traslado a un centro con hemodinámica, la demora en la realización de la angioplastia primaria se relacionó con factores clínicos, con características del infarto y logísticas.

Five years of Stent for Life in Portugal.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in performance indicators five years after Portugal joined the Stent for Life (SFL) initiative. METHODS: National surveys were carried out annually over one-month periods designated as study Time Points between 2011 (Time Zero) and 2016 (Time Five). In this study, 1340 consecutive patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent coronary angiography, admitted to 18 24/7 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers, were enrolled. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the proportion of patients who attended primary healthcare centers (20.3% vs. 4.8%, p<0.001) and non-PCI-capable centers (54.5% vs. 42.5%, p=0.013). The proportions of patients who called 112, the national emergency medical services (EMS) number (35.2% vs. 46.6%, p=0.022) and of those transported via the EMS to a PCI-capable center (13.1% vs. 30.5%, p<0.001) increased. The main improvement observed in timings for revascularization was a trend toward a reduction in patient delay (114 min in 2011 vs. 100 min in 2016, p=0.050). System delay and door-to-balloon time remained constant, at a median of 134 and 57 min in 2016, respectively. CONCLUSION: During the lifetime of the SFL initiative in Portugal, there was a positive change in patient delay indicators, especially the lower proportion of patients who attended non-PCI centers, along with an increase in those who called 112. System delay did not change significantly over this period. These results should be taken into consideration in the current Stent - Save a Life initiative.

Differences in 30-day complications and 1-year mortality by sex in patients with a first STEMI managed by the Codi IAM network between 2010 and 2016.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) emergency care networks aim to increase reperfusion rates and reduce ischemic times. The influence of sex on prognosis is still being debated. Our objective was to analyze prognosis according to sex after a first STEMI. METHODS: This multicenter cohort study enrolled first STEMI patients from 2010 to 2016 to determine the influence of sex after adjustment for revascularization delays, age, and comorbidities. End points were 30-day mortality, the 30-day composite of mortality, ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary edema, or cardiogenic shock, and 1-year all-cause mortality. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2016, 14 690 patients were included; 24% were women. The median [interquartile range] time from electrocardiogram to artery opening decreased throughout the study period in both sexes (119 minutes [85-160] vs 109 minutes [80-153] in 2010, 102 minutes [81-133] vs 96 minutes [74-124] in 2016, both P=.001). The rates of primary PCI within 120 minutes increased in the same period (50.4% vs 57.9% and 67.1% vs 72.1%, respectively; both P=.001). After adjustment for confounders, female sex was not associated with 30-day complications (OR, 1.06; 95%CI, 0.91-1.22). However, female 30-day survivors had a lower adjusted 1-year mortality than their male counterparts (HR,0.76; 95%CI, 0.61-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with men, women with a first STEMI had similar 30-day mortality and complication rates but significantly lower 1-year mortality after adjustment for age and severity.

Economic evaluation of complete revascularization versus stress echocardiography-guided revascularization in the STEACS with multivessel disease.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Economic studies may help decision making in the management of multivessel disease in the setting of myocardial infarction. We sought to perform an economic evaluation of CROSS-AMI (Complete Revascularization or Stress Echocardiography in Patients With Multivessel Disease and ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction) randomized clinical trial. METHODS: We performed a cost minimization analysis for the strategies (complete angiographic revascularization [ComR] and selective stress echocardiography-guided revascularization [SelR]) compared in the CROSS-AMI clinical trial (N=306), attributable the initial hospitalization and readmissions during the first year of follow-up, using current rates for health services provided by our health system. RESULTS: The index hospitalization costs were higher in the ComR group than in SelR arm (19 657.9±6236.8 € vs 14 038.7±4958.5 €; P <.001). There were no differences in the costs of the first year of follow-up rehospitalizations between both groups for (ComR 2423.5±4568.0 vs SelR 2653.9±5709.1; P=.697). Total cost was 22 081.3±7505.6 for the ComR arm and 16 692.6±7669.9 for the SelR group (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the CROSS-AMI trial, the initial extra economic costs of the ComR versus SelR were not offset by significant savings during follow-up. SelR seems to be more efficient than ComR in patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and multivessel disease treated by emergent angioplasty. Study registred at ClinicalTrial.gov (Identifier: NCT01179126).

Encuesta latinoamericana sobre el grado de variación de la actividad asistencial en los Servicios de Cardiología Intervencionista por la pandemia COVID-19. Subanálisis de la situación de Uruguay / Latin American survey on the degree of variation in healthcare activity in Interventional Cardiology Services due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sub-analysis of the situation in Uruguay / Pesquisa latino-americana sobre o grau de variação da atividade de saúde nos Serviços de Cardiologia Intervencionista devido à pandemia do COVID-19. Subanálise da situação no Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19 se ha comprobado una reducción de la actividad cardiológica intervencionista. El objetivo de esta encuesta fue cuantificar esta disminución y el impacto en el manejo del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMceST) en Uruguay. Método: se realizó una encuesta telemática a los centros de hemodinamia de Uruguay, contextualizada en una encuesta latinoamericana. Se registraron los cateterismos diagnósticos, las intervenciones coronarias y estructurales, así como la percepción de la asistencia del IAMceST y sobre la afección por el virus SARS-CoV-2 del personal de cardiología intervencionista. Se compararon dos periodos del año 2020: 24 de febrero al 8 de marzo (pre COVID-19) y 23 de marzo al 5 de abril (COVID-19). Resultados: respondieron todos los centros del país (n=8). Hubo una clara disminución en el número de procedimientos diagnósticos (36,1%), angioplastias coronarias (20,3%), intervenciones estructurales (88,9%) y angioplastias en IAMceST (37,3%). Se observó una disminución del diagnóstico y según la percepción de los encuestados, una mayor demora en reperfundir al IAMceST. Un centro reportó infección por SARS-CoV-2 en su personal. Si bien hubo una disminución de la actividad en todos los centros, el comportamiento fue homogéneo. Conclusiones: se observó una reducción importante de la actividad asistencial cardiológica intervencionista durante el inicio de la epidemia COVID-19 y una gran disminución en el número de pacientes tratados con IAMceST.

Summary: Introduction and objectives: because of the COVID-19 pandemic, a reduction in activity has been verified in interventional cardiology. The objective of this survey was to quantify this decrease and the impact on the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Uruguay. Methods: a telematic survey was carried out in Uruguay, in the context of a Latin American countries survey. Diagnostic catheterizations, coronary and structural interventions were recorded, as well as the perception of STEMI attendance and SARS-CoV-2 involvement of the health care staff. Two periods of 2020 were compared: 1st from February 24th to March 8th (pre COVID-19) and the 2nd from March 23rd to April 5th (COVID-19). Results: response was obtained from all centers (n=8) of the country. There was a significant decrease in the number of diagnostic procedures (36.1%), coronary interventions (20.3%), structural therapy (88.9%) and PCI in STEMI (37.3%). Less use of thrombolysis was indicated and a perception of respondents of longer delay to reperfusion. One center reported SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although there was a varied decrease in activity between the different centers, the behavior was homogeneous. Conclusions: a significant reduction in healthcare activity was observed during the COVID-19 epidemic and a great decrease in the number of patients treated with STEMI.

Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: como conseqüência da pandemia do COVID-19, uma redução na atividade foi observada na cardiologia intervencionista. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar essa diminuição e o impacto no manejo do infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST no Uruguai. Métodos: uma pesquisa telemática foi realizada em centros hemodinâmicos do Uruguai, no contexto de uma pesquisa latino-americana. Foram registrados cateterismos diagnósticos, intervenções coronárias e estruturais, bem como a percepção de assistência para infarto agudo do miocárdio e sobre a condição COVID-19 da equipe de cardiologia intervencionista. Foram comparados dois períodos do ano 2020: 24 de fevereiro a 8 de março (pré COVID-19) e 23 de março a 5 de abril (COVID-19). Resultados: todos os centros (n = 8) do país responderam. Houve uma diminuição significativa no número de procedimentos diagnósticos (36,1%), angioplastias coronárias (20,3%), intervenções estruturais (88,9%) e angioplastia no IAMEST (37,3%). Foi observada uma diminuição no diagnóstico e uma percepção dos entrevistados de um maior atraso na reperfusão do IAMceST. Um centro relatou infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Embora tenha havido uma diminuição variada da atividade entre os diferentes centros, o comportamento foi homogêneo. Conclusões: observou-se uma redução significativa da atividade assistencial durante a epidemia COVID-19 e uma grande diminuição no número de pacientes tratados com IAMEST.

Impact of COVID-19 on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care. The Spanish experience.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 outbreak has had an unclear impact on the treatment and outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to assess changes in STEMI management during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: Using a multicenter, nationwide, retrospective, observational registry of consecutive patients who were managed in 75 specific STEMI care centers in Spain, we compared patient and procedural characteristics and in-hospital outcomes in 2 different cohorts with 30-day follow-up according to whether the patients had been treated before or after COVID-19. RESULTS: Suspected STEMI patients treated in STEMI networks decreased by 27.6% and patients with confirmed STEMI fell from 1305 to 1009 (22.7%). There were no differences in reperfusion strategy (> 94% treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in both cohorts). Patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention during the COVID-19 outbreak had a longer ischemic time (233 [150-375] vs 200 [140-332] minutes, P<.001) but showed no differences in the time from first medical contact to reperfusion. In-hospital mortality was higher during COVID-19 (7.5% vs 5.1%; unadjusted OR, 1.50; 95%CI, 1.07-2.11; P <.001); this association remained after adjustment for confounders (risk-adjusted OR, 1.88; 95%CI, 1.12-3.14; P=.017). In the 2020 cohort, there was a 6.3% incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The number of STEMI patients treated during the current COVID-19 outbreak fell vs the previous year and there was an increase in the median time from symptom onset to reperfusion and a significant 2-fold increase in the rate of in-hospital mortality. No changes in reperfusion strategy were detected, with primary percutaneous coronary intervention performed for the vast majority of patients. The co-existence of STEMI and SARS-CoV-2 infection was relatively infrequent.

Heat waves, ambient temperature, and risk of myocardial infarction: an ecological study in the Community of Madrid.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Episodes of extreme heat are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in chronically-ill patients but there is a need to clearly establish the relationship between extreme heat and myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the incidence of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and maximum temperature, in particular during heat wave alert periods (HWAP). METHODS: The population studied consisted of confirmed STEMI cases registered in the Infarction Code of the Community of Madrid between June 2013 and June 2017. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) adjusted for trend and seasonality and 95%CI were estimated using time series regression models. RESULTS: A total of 6465 cases of STEMI were included; 212 cases occurred during the 66-day period of HWAP and 1816 cases during the nonalert summer period (IRR, 1.14; 95%CI, 0.96-1.35). The minimum incidence rate was observed at the maximum temperature of 18°C. Warmer temperatures were not associated with a higher incidence (IRR,1.03; 95%CI, 0.76-1.41), whereas colder temperatures were significantly associated with an increased risk (IRR, 1.25; 95%CI, 1.02-1.54). No effect modification was observed by age or sex. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find an increased risk of STEMI during the 66 days of HWAP in the Community of Madrid between June 2013 and June 2017. However, an increased risk was found during colder temperatures. No extra health resources for STEMI management are required during periods of extreme heat, but should be considered during periods of cold weather.

A intervenção precoce do paciente com síndrome coronariana aguda e sua implicação na redução da morbimortalidade cardiovascular / The early intervention of acute coronary disease and its implication in the reduction of cardiovascular morbimortality

Introdução. O infarto agudo do miocárdio apresenta significativas taxas de morbimortalidade. A reperfusão precoce por angioplastia primária é a intervenção que reduz a mortalidade e as complicações, e deve ser iniciada em até 12 horas, a fim de impedir a perda muscular irreversível. O tempo entre chegada do paciente ao hospital e a abertura da artéria acometida, tempo porta-balão, determina a morbimortalidade do paciente. Objetivo. Esse estudo busca analisar o potencial benefício do tratamento da reperfusão coronariana precoce, os fatores de risco, as possíveis complicações e o Killip em pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionando-os a sua morbimortalidade. Materiais e métodos. Estudo observacional transversal realizado por meio de coleta de dados dos prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a angioplastia primária de um hospital privado. Resultados. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a variável mais prevalente (75%), e que houve predomínio no sexo masculino (71%) e associação com a progressão da idade. 61% dos pacientes apresentaram um tempo porta balão menor que 90 minutos. Houve significância estatística entre o tempo porta balão e a evolução do Killip, evidenciando um tempo porta-balão maior que 90 minutos na maioria dos pacientes que obtiveram aumento da pontuação do Killip. Conclusão. A precocidade da intervenção no paciente com IAM impacta na morbimortalidade, visto que o tempo porta balão está diretamente associado a evolução da do Killip. Logo, deve-se identificar os fatores que interferem no atendimento, a fim de proporcionar uma intervenção otimizada. (AU)

Introduction. Acute myocardial infarction has significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Early reperfusion by primary angioplasty is the intervention that reduces mortality and complications, and should be started within 12 hours in order to prevent irreversible muscle loss. The time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and the opening of the affected artery, door-to-balloon time, determines the patient's morbidity and mortality. Objective. The proposition of this study is to analyze the potential benefits of early coronary reperfusion, associated with the risk factors, possible complications, and the Killip score in patients whit acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the relation of those factors with the morbidity and mortality. Materials and methods. This is a transversal observational study and uses data collected of medical records of patients subjected to primary angioplasty in a private hospital. Results. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent one (75%), it was more common in males (71%) and associated with a higher age. In 61% of the patients port-balloon time was less than 90 minutes. There was statistical significance between port-balloon time and Killip score evaluation, that showed a higher score in patient with a port-balloon time that exceeded 90 minutes. Conclusion. Early intervention in patients with AMI impacts morbimortality, once that the port-balloon time is directly associated with the Killip score results. Therefore, all factors that can lead to a delay in their care of those patients should be identified with the objective of optimize the intervention. (AU)

Impact on mortality of direct admission versus interhospital transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. / Impacto na mortalidade da admissão direta versus transferência inter­hospitalar nos doentes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária.

INTRODUCTION: In a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) program, interhospital transfer of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can increase ischemic time, compared to patients who are admitted directly to a catheterization laboratory. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of interhospital transfer in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, in terms of time to reperfusion and one-year mortality. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, longitudinal study of patients with STEMI admitted to Hospital de Braga between June 2011 and May 2016, who were treated successfully within 12 hours of symptom onset. A total of 1222 patients were included and divided into two groups according to admission to Hospital de Braga: direct or interhospital transfer. RESULTS: In this study, 37.0% (n=452) of the population were admitted directly to Hospital de Braga and 63.0% (n=770) were transferred from other hospitals. Although timings (in min) until reperfusion were longer in interhospital transfer patients (symptom onset-first medical contact (median 76.5, IQR 40.3-150 vs. 91.0, IQR 50-180, p=0.002), first medical contact-reperfusion (median 87.5, IQR 69.0-114 vs. 145, IQR 115-199, p<0.001) and symptom onset-reperfusion (median 177, IQR 125-265 vs. 265, IQR 188-400, p<0.001)), one-year mortality did not differ significantly between the groups (53 [11.7%] vs. 71 [9.2%], p=0.193). In multivariate analysis, age, symptom onset-reperfusion time and especially Killip class IV at admission (HR 11.2, 95% CI 6.35-19.8, p<0.001) were the main independent predictors of one-year mortality. CONCLUSION: Interhospital transfer of patients with STEMI increased the time before PCI. No differences were detected between groups in one-year mortality. This may be related to the fact that the direct admission group had twice as many patients in Killip class IV as the interhospital transfer group.